Umusaruro wa peteroli mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli
Nigute imirongo igenzura ikora mumariba?
Imirongo igenzura ituma ihererekanyabubasha ryibimenyetso, kwemerera amakuru yo hasi, no kwemerera kugenzura no gukora ibikoresho byo hasi.
Ibimenyetso no kugenzura ibimenyetso birashobora koherezwa kuva ahantu hejuru hejuru kubikoresho byo kumanuka mumariba.Ibyatanzwe biva kumanura birashobora koherezwa kuri sisitemu yo hejuru kugirango isuzumwe cyangwa ikoreshwe mubikorwa byiza.
Indangantego z'umutekano zo hasi (DHSVs) ni igenzurwa hejuru yumutekano wo munsi yubutaka (SCSSV) ukorera mumazi ukomoka kumurongo ugenzura hejuru.Iyo umuvuduko wa hydraulic ushyizwe kumurongo wo kugenzura, igitutu gihatira urutoki muri valve kunyerera, rufungura valve.Kurekura umuvuduko wa hydraulic, valve irafunga.
Imiyoboro ya hydraulic ya Meilong Tube ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'umuyoboro w'itumanaho ku bikoresho byo mu mazi bikoreshwa mu mazi mu mariba ya peteroli, gaze, no gutera amazi, aho bisabwa kuramba no guhangana n'ibihe bikabije.Iyi mirongo irashobora kugenwa kugenwa kubikorwa bitandukanye hamwe nibice byo hasi.
Ibikoresho byose bifunze bifite hydrolytique bihamye kandi birahujwe nibintu byose bisanzwe birangizwa neza, harimo na gaze yumuvuduko mwinshi.Guhitamo ibikoresho bishingiye ku bipimo bitandukanye, birimo ubushyuhe bwo hasi, ubukana, imbaraga zikaze n'amarira, kwinjiza amazi no kwinjiza gaze, okiside, no gukuramo no kurwanya imiti.
Imirongo yo kugenzura yagiye itera imbere cyane, harimo kugerageza guhonyora hamwe na autoclave yumuvuduko mwinshi.Ibizamini bya laboratoire byagaragaje ko imizigo yiyongereye aho igituba gishobora kugumana ubunyangamugayo, cyane cyane aho insinga “bumper wire” zikoreshwa.
Imirongo igenzura ikoreshwa he?
Iriba ryubwenge risaba imikorere ninyungu zo gucunga ibigega byigikoresho cya kure-bigenzura ibicuruzwa kubera ibiciro cyangwa ingaruka ziterwa no kudashobora gushyigikira ibikorwa remezo byubutaka bisabwa ahantu kure.
★ Ubutaka, urubuga, cyangwa ibidukikije byo munsi yinyanja.
Amashanyarazi ya Geothermal
Ubwoko bwibimera
Hariho ubwoko butatu bwibimera bikoreshwa mukubyara amashanyarazi.Ubwoko bwibimera bugenwa cyane cyane nimiterere yumutungo wa geothermal kurubuga.
Ibyo bita igihingwa cya geothermal gihingwa gikoreshwa mugihe umutungo wa geothermal utanga ibyuka biturutse kumariba.Imyuka, nyuma yo kunyura mubitandukanya (ikuraho umucanga muto nuduce duto) igaburirwa turbine.Ubu ni bwo bwoko bwambere bwibimera byatejwe imbere mubutaliyani no muri Amerika Ikibabaje ni uko umutungo wamazi ari gake cyane mubutunzi bwa geothermal kandi ubaho ahantu hake kwisi.Biragaragara ko ibihingwa byamazi bitakoreshwa mubushyuhe buke.
Amashanyarazi ya flash akoreshwa mugihe umutungo wa geothermal utanga amazi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa guhuza amazi namazi ashyushye.Amazi ava mu iriba ashyikirizwa ikigega cya flash aho igice cy'amazi kimurika kandi kikerekeza kuri turbine.Amazi asigaye yoherezwa kujugunywa (mubisanzwe inshinge).Ukurikije ubushyuhe bwumutungo birashoboka gukoresha ibyiciro bibiri bya flash tank.Muri iki gihe, amazi yatandukanijwe ku kigega cya mbere yerekejwe ku cyiciro cya kabiri cya flash tank aho itandukanyirizo ryinshi (ariko umuvuduko wo hasi).Amazi asigaye mu kigega cya kabiri noneho yoherezwa kujugunywa.Icyitwa double flash plant itanga amavuta kumyuka ibiri itandukanye kuri turbine.Na none, ubu bwoko bwibimera ntibushobora gukoreshwa mubushyuhe buke.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu bwamashanyarazi ya geothermal yitwa binary plant.Izina rikomoka ku kuba amazi ya kabiri mu ruziga rufunze akoreshwa mu gukoresha turbine aho gukoresha amavuta ya geothermal.Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana igishushanyo cyoroshye cyubwoko bubiri bwibimera.Amazi ya geothermal anyuzwa mumashanyarazi yitwa boiler cyangwa vaporizer (mubihingwa bimwe na bimwe, guhanahana ubushyuhe murukurikirane rwa mbere preheater naho icya kabiri ni vaporizer) aho ubushyuhe bwo mumazi ya geothermal bwimurirwa mumazi akora bigatuma buteka. .Amazi akora kera mubushyuhe buke bwibimera byari firigo ya CFC (ubwoko bwa Freon).Imashini zigezweho zikoresha hydrocarbone (isobutane, pentane nibindi) ya firigo yo mu bwoko bwa HFC hamwe namazi yihariye yahisemo guhuza ubushyuhe bwumutungo wa geothermal.
Igicapo 1. Binary geothermal power power
Umwuka wamazi ukora unyuzwa muri turbine aho ibirimo ingufu zayo zihinduka ingufu za mashini hanyuma bigatangwa, binyuze mumashanyarazi kugeza kuri generator.Umwuka usohoka muri turbine kuri kondenseri aho ihindurwa igasubira mumazi.Mu bimera byinshi, amazi akonje azenguruka hagati ya kondereseri n'umunara ukonjesha kugirango wange ubushyuhe mu kirere.Ubundi buryo ni ugukoresha icyo bita "gukonjesha byumye" cyangwa konderasi ikonjesha ikirere yanga ubushyuhe mu kirere bidakenewe amazi akonje.Igishushanyo mbonera gikuraho cyane gukoresha amazi yose igihingwa kugirango gikonje.Gukonjesha byumye, kubera ko ikora ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (cyane cyane mu gihe cyizuba cyingenzi) kuruta iminara yo gukonjesha itera umusaruro muke.Amazi akora ava muri kondenseri asubizwa inyuma yumuvuduko mwinshi preheater / vaporizer na pompe y'ibiryo kugirango isubiremo uruziga.
Ikibiri cyinzira nubwoko bwibimera byakoreshwa mubushyuhe buke bwa geothermal.Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bibiri-bitari ibikoresho biraboneka muri modul ya 200 kugeza 1.000 kW.
URUBUGA RW'IMBARAGA
Ibigize amashanyarazi
Inzira yo kubyara amashanyarazi aturuka ku bushyuhe buke bwa geothermal yubushyuhe (cyangwa kuva mumashanyarazi mumashanyarazi asanzwe) bikubiyemo abajenjeri batunganya bavuga ko ari Rankine Cycle.Mu ruganda rusanzwe rw'amashanyarazi, uruziga, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1, rurimo ibyuka, turbine, generator, kondenseri, pompe y'amazi yo kugaburira, umunara ukonjesha na pompe y'amazi akonje.Imashini ikorwa mubyuma bitwika lisansi (amakara, amavuta, gaze cyangwa uranium).Umwuka unyuzwa kuri turbine aho, mu kwaguka kurwanya ibyuma bya turbine, ingufu zubushyuhe muri parike zihinduka ingufu za mashini zitera kuzunguruka kwa turbine.Uku kugenda kwimashini kwimurwa, binyuze mumashanyarazi kuri generator aho ihindurwamo ingufu zamashanyarazi.Nyuma yo kunyura muri turbine icyuka gisubizwa mumazi yamazi muri kondereseri yinganda.Binyuze mu nzira ya kondegene, ubushyuhe budakoreshwa na turbine burekurwa mumazi akonje.Amazi akonje, ashyikirizwa umunara ukonjesha aho "ubushyuhe bwimyanda" buva mukuzunguruka kwangwa mukirere.Kondensate ya parike igezwa kubitetse na pompe yo kugaburira kugirango isubiremo inzira.
Muri make, urugomero rw'amashanyarazi ni uruziga rworohereza guhindura ingufu kuva muburyo bumwe.Muri iki gihe, ingufu za chimique mumavuta zihindurwamo ubushyuhe (kuri boiler), hanyuma zikagira ingufu za mashini (muri turbine) hanyuma amaherezo zikagira ingufu zamashanyarazi (muri generator).Nubwo ingufu zibicuruzwa byanyuma, amashanyarazi, mubisanzwe bigaragarira mubice bya watts-amasaha cyangwa kilowatt-amasaha (1000 watt-amasaha cyangwa 1kW-hr), kubara imikorere yibihingwa akenshi bikorwa mubice bya BTU.Nibyiza kwibuka ko kilowatt-isaha 1 ningufu zingana na 3413 BTU.Kimwe mubyingenzi byingenzi byerekeranye ninganda zingufu nuburyo ingufu zinjiza (lisansi) zisabwa kugirango zitange amashanyarazi yatanzwe.
Subsea Umbilicals
Imikorere nyamukuru
Tanga ingufu za hydraulic kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura munsi yinyanja, nko gufungura / gufunga valve
Tanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'ibimenyetso byo kugenzura sisitemu yo kugenzura amazi
Tanga imiti itanga umusaruro wo gutera amazi munsi yigiti cyangwa kumanuka
Tanga gaze kubikorwa byo guterura gaze
Kugirango utange iyi mikorere, amazi yimbitse arashobora gushiramo
Imiyoboro yo gutera imiti
Hydraulic itanga imiyoboro
Umugozi wibimenyetso byamashanyarazi
Umugozi w'amashanyarazi
Ikimenyetso cya fibre optique
Imiyoboro minini yo kuzamura gaze
Umbilical yo munsi yinyanja ni iteraniro ryamazi ya hydraulic ishobora kandi gushiramo insinga zamashanyarazi cyangwa fibre optique, ikoreshwa mugucunga inyanja ziva kumurongo wo hanze cyangwa ubwato bureremba.Nibice byingenzi bya sisitemu yo kubyaza umusaruro amazi yo mu nyanja, bitabaye ibyo umusaruro wa peteroli urambye wubukungu ntibishoboka.
Ibyingenzi
Hejuru ya Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA)
Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA) itanga intera hagati yumutima nyamukuru nibikoresho byo kugenzura hejuru.Igice ni uruzitiro rwubusa rushobora guhindurwa cyangwa gusudira ahantu hegeranye no kumanika kumanikwa ahantu hashobora guteza akaga hejuru yikigo cyo hejuru.Ibi bice mubisanzwe byakozwe mubisabwa kubakiriya hagamijwe hydraulic, pneumatic, power, signal, fibre optique, no guhitamo ibikoresho.
Ubusanzwe TUTA ikubiyemo udusanduku duhuza amashanyarazi kumashanyarazi ninsinga zitumanaho, hamwe nakazi ka tube, gipima, hamwe no guhagarika no kuva amaraso kubikoresho bikwiye bya hydraulic na chimique.
(Subsea) Inteko yo guhagarika Umbilical (UTA)
UTA, yicaye hejuru yicyondo, ni sisitemu ya electro-hydraulic ya sisitemu nyinshi ituma modules nyinshi zo kugenzura inyanja zihuza itumanaho rimwe, imirongo itanga amashanyarazi na hydraulic.Igisubizo nuko amariba menshi ashobora kugenzurwa hifashishijwe umutaka umwe.Kuva muri UTA, guhuza amariba kugiti cye na SCMs bikozwe hamwe ninteko isimbuka.
Ibyuma biguruka (SFL)
Kuguruka biguruka bitanga amashanyarazi / hydraulic / imiti ihuza UTA n'ibiti kugiti / kugenzura.Nibice bigize sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza inyanja ikwirakwiza ibikorwa byumutwe kubyo bagenewe serivisi.Mubisanzwe byashizweho nyuma yumutima kandi bigahuzwa na ROV.
Ibikoresho by'Umbilical
Ukurikije ubwoko bwa porogaramu, ibikoresho bikurikira birahari:
Thermoplastique
Ibyiza: Birahendutse, kubyara byihuse, kandi birwanya umunaniro
Ibibi: Ntibikwiye amazi yimbitse;ikibazo cyo guhuza imiti;gusaza, n'ibindi
Zinc yatwikiriye Nitronic 19D duplex idafite ibyuma
Ibyiza:
Igiciro cyo hasi ugereranije na super duplex idafite ibyuma (SDSS)
Imbaraga nyinshi zo gutanga umusaruro ugereranije na 316L
Kurwanya ruswa imbere
Bihujwe na hydraulic na serivise nyinshi zo gutera imiti
Yujuje ibyangombwa bya serivisi zingirakamaro
Ibibi:
Kurinda ruswa yo hanze isabwa - zinc zasohotse
Impungenge zijyanye no kwizerwa kwa weld wadoda mubunini bumwe
Imiyoboro iremereye kandi nini kuruta SDSS ihwanye - guhagarika no guhangayikishwa no kwishyiriraho
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda 316L
Ibyiza:
Igiciro gito
Ukeneye gukingirwa gake cyangwa kutarinda catodiki mugihe gito
Imbaraga nke
Irushanwa hamwe na thermoplastique kumuvuduko muke, amazi adakomeye - igiciro cyubuzima bwigihe gito
Ibibi:
Ntabwo yujuje ibyangombwa bya serivisi ikora
chloride piting iroroshye
Super Duplex Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga (Piting Resistance ihwanye - PRE> 40)
Ibyiza:
Imbaraga nyinshi bisobanura diameter nto, uburemere bworoshye bwo kwishyiriraho no kumanika.
Kurwanya cyane guhangayikishwa no kwangirika kwangiza ibidukikije bya chloride (piting resistance ihwanye> 40) bivuze ko nta gutwikira cyangwa CP bisabwa.
Inzira yo gukuramo isobanura ko bitoroshye-kugenzura-gusudira.
Ibibi:
Icyiciro hagati yicyuma (sigma) mugihe cyo gukora no gusudira bigomba kugenzurwa.
Igiciro kinini, igihe kinini cyo kuyobora ibyuma bikoreshwa mumitsi
Zinc isize ibyuma bya karubone (ZCCS)
Ibyiza:
Igiciro gito ugereranije na SDSS
Yujuje ibyangombwa bya serivisi zingirakamaro
Ibibi:
Ikidodo
Guto Kurwanya Imbere Kurwanya 19D
Diameter iremereye kandi nini ugereranije na SDSS
Gukoresha umbilical
Imitsi mishya yashizwemo mubisanzwe ifite amazi yo kubika muri yo.Amazi yo kubika agomba kwimurwa nibicuruzwa bigenewe mbere yuko akoreshwa mubikorwa.Hagomba kwitonderwa kugirango harebwe ibibazo bishobora kutabangikana bishobora kuvamo imvura kandi bigatera imiyoboro yumubyimba.Amazi meza ya buffer arakenewe niba biteganijwe ko bidahuye.Kurugero, kugirango ushireho umurongo wa asibaltene inhibitor, hakenewe igisubizo kimwe nka EGMBE kugirango itange buffer hagati ya inhibitor ya asfaltene n'amazi yo kubika kuko mubisanzwe bidahuye.