Kurwanya ruswa mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze
Mu bihugu bitandukanye, hakoreshwa amasoko atandukanye yingufu, nkibicanwa, gaze gasanzwe, ibisigazwa byamavuta.Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze nibyo byiganjemo ingufu zibyara umusaruro no gutera inkunga ubuzima muri Amerika ndetse no kwisi yose.Kimwe nibindi bicuruzwa byose, hakenewe kunozwa neza gukwirakwiza peteroli na gaze kuva mubigo bitanga umusaruro kubakoresha bitandukanye binyuze mubunzi (niba bihari).Muri iki gihe, gukwirakwiza neza peteroli kimwe na gaze kubakoresha byemeza ko bafite umutekano.Byongeye kandi, iremeza ko inganda zingufu zifite umutekano, kubera ko imyanda yose ishobora kubaho ishobora kumenyekana kandi ikarindwa byihuse.Kubera iyo mpamvu, umwanda w’ibidukikije uragabanuka.Inkomoko zinyuranye zingufu zisaba ubwikorezi buva mukarere kijya mukindi, bivuze ko imikorere ningirakamaro bigomba kubahirizwa mugihe cyibikorwa.Kurugero, peteroli ya peteroli igomba gutwarwa aho ikorerwa cyangwa isoko ikajya gutunganyirizwa peteroli no kuva munganda zamavuta kugeza kubakoresha bwa nyuma.Niyo mpamvu, hakenewe gushyiraho uburyo bukwiye bwo gutwara peteroli na gaze mu bigo bitanga umusaruro kugeza mu nganda no mu nganda kugeza ku bakoresha.Ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli na gaze nuburyo bukomeye bwo gutwara abantu bukoreshwa mugutwara peteroli na gaze muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika.Inzego zitandukanye zubukungu bwisi zarahindutse, bityo urwego rwingufu ntirusanzwe.Ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa muri urwo rwego ryagiye rigira iterambere ryinshi, rishingiye ku gukenera kongera umutekano ndetse n’imikorere rusange y’imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze.Iterambere ryatumye sisitemu ikora neza mugutwara peteroli na gaze ahantu hatandukanye.
Ubwoko bwa peteroli na gazi
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ubwoko bwimiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze biterwa nubutaka bwo gutwaramo nibintu bigenda.Gukusanya imirongo itwara ibicuruzwa kure.Zikoreshwa cyane mu gutwara peteroli na gaze gasanzwe biva mu bicuruzwa bikorerwa mu nganda.Imirongo yo kwegeranya ni ngufi kuko ikubiyemo gutwara peteroli na gaze itunganijwe biva mu bigo bikorerwamo inganda (Kennedy, 1993).Imirongo yo kugaburira igira uruhare mu gutwara peteroli na gaze biva mu nganda zikabikwa cyangwa guhuza peteroli na gaze itunganijwe n'umuyoboro muremure (Kennedy, 1993).Kubwibyo, iyi mirongo ikubiyemo intera ngufi ugereranije nogukwirakwiza peteroli na gaze gasanzwe kubakoresha / isoko.Imirongo yohereza iri muri sisitemu igoye cyane y'imiyoboro.Zigizwe numuyoboro wumurongo ukwirakwiza gaze na peteroli karemano.Imiyoboro yohereza ishinzwe gukwirakwiza peteroli na gaze kubakoresha bwa nyuma, niyo mpamvu bakora urugendo rurerure.Ikigaragara ni uko guverinoma ahanini icunga imirongo yohereza kuko ikwirakwiza peteroli na gaze ku mbibi z’imbere n’imbere.Imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza, nkuko izina ribigaragaza, ishinzwe gukwirakwiza peteroli na gaze kubakoresha.Kenshi na kenshi, iyi miyoboro iba iyifite kandi igacungwa namasosiyete akwirakwiza amavuta na gaze kubaguzi ba nyuma.Abaguzi ba nyuma barimo ubucuruzi, amazu ninganda biterwa nuburyo bwingufu (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza niyo igoye cyane kuko yibanda ku gukorera abakiriya ahantu hatandukanye.
Imikoreshereze n'akamaro k'imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze
Akamaro k'imiyoboro ntishobora gusuzugurwa urebye uruhare rukomeye rwa gaze na peteroli mugukoresha ubukungu.Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze nisoko yingufu zinganda zinganda, bivuze ko zishyigikira imikorere yubukungu.Ikoreshwa ryibanze ryimiyoboro ireba ikwirakwizwa rya peteroli na gaze kubakoresha bwa nyuma.Nuburyo bworoshye, bukora neza kandi bwizewe bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi bya peteroli na gaze biva mubigo bitanga umusaruro, kubitunganya no kubaguzi ba nyuma (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Akamaro k'imiyoboro ni ikintu cyo kuyikoresha mu gukwirakwiza imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze.Mbere na mbere, imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze byagaragaye ko ari uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara peteroli na gaze.Ziri munsi yumuhanda, hakurya yinyubako, nimirima ariko ntibibangamira imibereho yabaturage.Byongeye kandi, ubwinshi bwabo bufasha mukwagura ingufu kubaturage bose hatitawe aho baherereye.Kubwibyo, nibyingenzi mubisekuruza byingufu, nikintu cyingenzi mubuzima bwabantu.Hatariho ingufu, byagora ibihugu gutunga abenegihugu kubera kubura ibicuruzwa na serivisi byingenzi.Akandi kamaro k'imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze ni uko bongera imikoreshereze yuzuye y'umutungo kamere mu gihugu.Imiyoboro ituma gutwara peteroli na gaze gasanzwe biva mu nganda.Kubera iyo mpamvu, igihugu gishobora gukoresha amahirwe ya gaze na peteroli ndetse no mu cyaro kubera ubwikorezi bworoshye.Ibikorwa byo gushakisha peteroli mucyaro ntibyari gushoboka hatabayeho imiyoboro.Bikurikiraho ko imiyoboro igira ingaruka ku musaruro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli byose biva mu mavuta ya peteroli yakuwe mu masoko.Imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze yafashije kandi ibihugu bidafite amasoko ahagije ya peteroli na gaze.Birashoboka gutwara peteroli na gaze biva mu gihugu mu kindi ukoresheje imiyoboro.Kubwibyo, ibihugu bidafite amariba ya peteroli cyangwa inganda birashobora gukoresha ibikomoka kuri peteroli, peteroli na gaze nkisoko yambere yingufu (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Zigizwe nurusobe rugoye rwo gukwirakwiza imirongo ifasha mugukorera abaturage badafite isoko karemano yingufu.Birashoboka, ubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi bushingiye cyane kubuzima bwa tekinoroji.Kuboneka lisansi hakurya y'umuhanda, gaze yo guteka, lisansi yindege na moteri yinganda ni ibisubizo byishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga.Umuyoboro mugari w'imiyoboro muri Amerika no mu bindi bihugu ni ikimenyetso cyerekana akamaro kabo mu gushyigikira ubuzima n'ibikorwa by'ubukungu.Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze, nkuko byavuzwe na Miesner & Leffler (2006), nibintu byingenzi byingenzi byongera umusaruro winganda mubihugu, bivuze ko aribwo buryo bushya bwo guhatanira amasoko.Ibigo bifite uburyo buhagije bwo kubona ingufu zirashobora guhatanwa cyane, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko hariho akamaro nakamaro k'umuyoboro.Akamaro k'imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze ishimangirwa no kunanirwa no kudakora neza mu bundi buryo bwo gutwara peteroli na gaze gasanzwe.Kurugero, ntibishoboka gutwara ubwinshi bwa peteroli na gaze ukoresheje amakamyo na gari ya moshi kubera ibiciro bifitanye isano.Byongeye kandi, imiyoboro ntabwo ibabaza ubundi buryo bwibikorwa remezo nkimihanda, bivuze ko bihendutse kandi byigenga byubwikorezi.
Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze
Imiyoboro irashobora gutekerezwa nkigice cyubuzima bwacu kuko iri munsi yinyubako zacu namihanda.Kubwibyo, umutekano wimiyoboro ningenzi mubishushanyo mbonera byabo.Ibyuma nibikoresho byingenzi bikoreshwa mukubaka imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze.Impamvu nyamukuru yo gukoresha ibyuma nibiranga ubukana, guhindagurika no gusudira (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Gukomera bifasha mukurwanya ibice, byavamo kumeneka.Kubwibyo, ibyuma bifasha imiyoboro mu guhangana nigitutu cyumutwaro, ubushyuhe nimihindagurikire yikirere kuko irwanya ibice.Nyamara, ibyuma bidafite ingese ntabwo aribintu bifatika mukubaka imiyoboro, nubwo aribyo byiza cyane mubiranga twavuze haruguru.Ibyuma bya karubone nkeya, nkuko Kiefner & Trench (2001) abivuga, ni uburyo buhenze bwibyuma bifite ibimenyetso biranga imbaraga n’umuvuduko ukenewe ku miyoboro.Ibindi byuma nkicyuma ntabwo bikomeye kandi birashobora gukurura ibice.Kubwibyo, ibyuma bya karubone nkeya nibikoresho bifatika byifashishwa mu kubaka imiyoboro kuko irinda kuvunika, bishobora gutera amavuta na gaze.Indi mpamvu yo gukoresha ibyuma mukubaka imiyoboro nubushobozi bwabo bwo guhangana nubushyuhe bwigihe.Ibyuma ntabwo bihinduka mugihe, bivuze ko aribwo buryo bwiza bwo gukoresha mukubaka ibikoresho byerekanwe nikirere gitandukanye.Imbaraga zingana zibyuma bya karubone nkeya bikomeza guhoraho mugihe, bivuze ko aribyiza gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ibikorwa remezo birebire (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Kubaka imiyoboro nigishoro gihenze, bivuze ko ari ngombwa kubigeraho duhereye ku gihe kirekire.Ibyuma bya karubone nkeya rero, nibyiza gukoreshwa mukubaka imiyoboro kuko ifasha mukugabanya ibikenewe gusanwa buri gihe.Ibyuma bya karuboni nkeya, bikoreshwa mu kubaka imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze, bifite ibibi.Ifasha okiside imbere yumwuka, ubutaka namazi (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Oxidation itera ruswa, ishobora guhungabanya ubwiza bwa peteroli na gaze bitwarwa.Kubwibyo rero, ibyuma bya karubone bigomba gutwikirizwa impuzu zibuza okiside kubera ko imiyoboro iba myinshi, yashyinguwe munsi yubutaka, nabwo bushyigikira okiside.Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bikoreshwa mukubaka umuyoboro wa peteroli na gaze bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa byimbaraga (ubushobozi bwo guhangana nigitutu cyo gupakira no gupakurura), guhindagurika (ubushobozi bwo guhangana ningutu mugihe cyangwa imbaraga zingana), nubushobozi bwo kwihanganira impinduka , kuvunika no kuvunika.
Inzira zo Kwirinda Ruswa
Ruswa yagaragaye nkikibazo nyamukuru kigira ingaruka kumikorere ya peteroli na gaze.Ingaruka zo kwangirika zerekana ko ari ngombwa gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutsinda iterabwoba, cyane cyane mu gukumira impanuka zatewe no kumeneka no kuvunika.Ibyuma bya karuboni nkeya byajyanye no kwandura okiside imbere ya electrolytite, amazi na dioxyde de carbone.Ruswa yo hanze nayo ni ikintu cyo guhura nubutaka, nabwo bushigikira okiside.Kubwibyo, bumwe muburyo bwibanze bwo kurwanya ruswa yo hanze ni ugukingira no kurinda catodiki (Baker, 2008).Kurinda Cathodic ni ugukoresha amashanyarazi kumuyoboro kugirango uhungabanye urujya n'uruza rwa electron kuva kuri anode kugera kuri cathode.Irema umurima wa catodiki hejuru yumuyoboro, bivuze ko anode iri hejuru yubusa idakora.Umuyoboro ukora nka cathode, bivuze kubura kugenda kwa electron.Byongeye kandi, kurinda cathodic biganisha ku iterambere ryabitswe ririnda ibyuma kuva ari alkaline muri kamere.Baker (2008) yerekana uburyo bubiri bwingenzi bwo kurinda catodiki.Uburyo bwo gukingira anode burimo guhuza umuyoboro nicyuma cyo hanze gifite ibikorwa ugereranije nibyuma.Icyuma noneho gishyirwa kure yumuyoboro ariko hamwe- muri electrolyte (igitaka).Igisubizo nuko umuyaga uzatemba mubyuma kuva ikora ibirenze ibyuma.Kubwibyo, ibyuma byibitambo bigenda byangirika bityo bikarinda umuyoboro wa peteroli na gaze kwangirika.Uburyo butangaje-bugezweho bwa anode burimo kwinjiza imiyoboro itaziguye hagati yumuyoboro na anode.Ikigamijwe ni ugukurura umuyaga kure y'umuyoboro, urinda ruswa.Kurinda rero, cathodic ikubiyemo guhagarika urujya n'uruza rwumuyaga uva kuri anode ujya mumiyoboro unyuze kuri electrolyte.Imikoreshereze nogukoresha biterwa nimiterere ya sisitemu yimiyoboro, nibiranga geologiya yakarere karimo gusuzumwa (Baker, 2008).Nyamara, uburyo ntibushobora kuba ingirakamaro kubwonyine kuko byabahenze guhuza ibyangombwa bisabwa kugeza kumurongo wose.
Inzira Nziza yo Kugenzura Ruswa
Ruswa yagaragaye nkikibazo nyamukuru kigira ingaruka ku mutekano w’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha imiyoboro muri Amerika.Kubwibyo rero, gucunga ruswa bigomba kuba iby'ibanze by’abafatanyabikorwa mu nganda za peteroli na gaze.Intego cyangwa intego yabafatanyabikorwa bizenguruka mugutezimbere imiyoboro idafite impanuka, birashoboka cyane cyane binyuze mugucunga ruswa.Niyo mpamvu, abafatanyabikorwa bakeneye gushora imari mu gukurikirana gahunda y’umuyoboro kugira ngo bamenye uduce twibasiwe na ruswa, kimwe n’ibikeneye ingamba zo kubarinda.Ubugenzuzi nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane mugukurikirana kuko bufasha mukumenya inenge muri sisitemu.Hariho uburyo butandukanye bukoreshwa mugusuzuma imiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze, kandi guhitamo kwabo guterwa na miterere n'aho umuyoboro uherereye, hamwe n'impamvu z'isuzuma.Uburyo bwo kurinda catodiki yo kwirinda ruswa bushobora no gukoreshwa mugenzura.Ifasha abahanga mukusanya amakuru asabwa kugirango basuzume urugero ruswa ishobora kuba ku muyoboro, bivuze ko ubwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mugusuzuma ubugenzuzi bwo hanze.Amakuru yakusanyirijwe mugihe kirekire afasha mukumenya urugero rwangiritse kumuyoboro, bigira uruhare mubikorwa byiterambere.Birashoboka, kugenzura hanze ya ruswa biroroshye cyane kuko biterwa no kureba hejuru yinyuma, kimwe no gukusanya amakuru ukoresheje uburyo bwo kurinda catodiki.Kugenzura imiyoboro (PIGS hano) ni ibikoresho byinjijwe imbere mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze hifashishijwe amazi atemba.Ikoranabuhanga rya PIGs kuva ryarahindutse kugirango rishyiremo ibintu byubwenge bifasha mukumenya byoroshye uduce twibeshya mumiyoboro.Ubwenge bujyanye n'ubushobozi bw'abashizeho kwandika amakuru ku miterere y'imiyoboro, ndetse no kwandika amakuru yo gusesengura nyuma (Pistoia, 2009).Ikoranabuhanga rikoresha uburyo butandukanye, kandi ryashimiwe imiterere yaryo idasenya.Uburyo bwa electro-magnetique ya PIGs nimwe muburyo buzwi bwo gusuzuma.Ifasha mukumenya inenge ziri mumiyoboro, na miterere yuburemere bwiyi nenge.Uburyo bwo gusuzuma PIGs buragoye cyane kandi ni icyerekezo cyo kongera ikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane muburyo bwo gukenera inenge ziri mu miyoboro.Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane cyane mugusuzuma imiyoboro ya gaze kuko ibikoresho bitabangamira imiterere nibiranga gaze.Ingurube zifasha mukumenya inenge zisanzwe nkumunaniro wa ruswa hamwe nudusimba mubindi makosa.Umunaniro wa ruswa bivuga kwiyongera kwangirika kwubukanishi bwibyuma nyuma yo kwangirika.Mubyukuri, abafatanyabikorwa bamwe bakoresha umunaniro wa ruswa kugirango barebe urugero ruswa.Impamvu ni uko ruswa ari uburyo bwo gutera imashini, birashoboka imbere ya catalizator nka hydrogen sulphide.Kubwibyo, kumenya urugero rwibitero bya mashini byibasiye ibyuma, bigize umunaniro wa ruswa, nuburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ruswa.Mubyukuri, abitezimbere bazanye ibikoresho bifasha mukugereranya urugero rwumunaniro wa ruswa.Kubwibyo, gupima umunaniro wa ruswa ni inzira nziza yo kugenzura urugero ruswa yangirika mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze.Ubu buryo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kugenzura no hanze imbere kubora kubera ibice bya elegitoroniki nuburyo bugizwe.Uburyo bwerekana inenge imbere no hanze yumuyoboro ukoresheje ubunini bwurukuta rusigaye ruturuka kuri ruswa.Ibyiza byubu buryo nuko butuma s igenzura ryangirika hejuru yimbere ninyuma yimiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze.Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura bwamamaye mu bihe byashize bitewe nigiciro cyabwo, ubwizerwe n'umuvuduko.Ariko, ifitanye isano no kugabanya kwizerwa iyo ihuye n urusaku.Byongeye kandi, nk'uko Dai n'abandi babivuga.(2007), uburyo bugira ingaruka kumiterere yumuyoboro, cyane cyane ubukana bwurukuta.
UMWANZURO
Mu gusoza, ruswa ni ikibazo kigaragara gisaba kwitabwaho byihutirwa binyuze mugutezimbere ibishushanyo mbonera nuburyo bwo gukumira no kugenzura.Ingaruka za ruswa zagaragaye ko zibangamiye irambye n’imikorere y’imiyoboro mu gukwirakwiza peteroli na gaze biva mu bigo bitanga umusaruro ku bakoresha.Amavuta na gaze ni ngombwaamasoko yingufu muri Amerika no kwisi, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko ari ngombwa gushora imari muburyo bunoze bwo gukwirakwiza.Kutagira uburyo bunoze bwo gukwirakwiza peteroli na gaze ntabwo byahangayikishwa no kwishora mubikorwa bitanga umusaruro gusa ahubwo byanabangamira kubaho bitewe n’impanuka ziyongera.Ruswa iganisha ku kugabanya imashini imbaraga za peteroli na gaze, biganisha kumeneka nibindi bibazo.Kumeneka ni akaga kuko bigaragariza abaturage ibyago byo guturika n’umuriro, ndetse no kwangiza ibidukikije.Byongeye kandi, ubwinshi bw’impanuka zijyanye no kwangirika mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze bigabanya icyizere cy’abaturage muri sisitemu kuko irwanya ibibazo by’umutekano byavuzwe haruguru.Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukingira bwashyizweho kugirango bugenzure ruswa mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze byibanda ku miterere y’ibyuma bya karuboni nkeya, akaba ari ibikoresho nyamukuru bikoreshwa mu gukora no kubaka imiyoboro.Nkuko byaganiriweho mu mpapuro, hakenewe gushora imari mu buryo bwo kumenya no kugenzura ruswa mu miyoboro kuko ari ishingiro ryo gukumira no kugenzura.Ikoranabuhanga ryatanze uburyo butagira imipaka kugira ngo bigerweho kimwe, ariko hakenewe gushora imari mu kumenya uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya, gukumira no kurwanya ruswa, bizamura umusaruro ujyanye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-03-2019