Imiti yo gutera inshinge Hasi-Kuki bananiwe?Inararibonye, Imbogamizi no Gushyira mu bikorwa Uburyo bushya bwo Kwipimisha
Copyright 2012, Sosiyete y'Abashakashatsi ba peteroli
Ibisobanuro
Statoil ikora imirima myinshi aho hashyizweho inshinge zikomeza gutera inshinge inhibitor.Ikigamijwe ni ukurinda igituba cyo hejuru hamwe na valve yumutekano kuri (Ba / Sr) SO4orCaCO;igipimo, mugihe aho umunzani ukanda wenda bigoye kandi bihenze gukora muburyo busanzwe, urugero: guhuza imirima yinyanja.
Gukomeza gutera inshinge za inhibitor kumanuka ni igisubizo gikwiye muburyo bwo kurinda imiyoboro yo hejuru hamwe na valve yumutekano mumariba afite ubushobozi bwo gupima hejuru yububiko;cyane cyane mu mariba adakeneye guhonyorwa buri gihe kubera ubushobozi bwo gupima ahantu hegereye amariba.
Gutegura, gukora no kubungabunga imirongo yo gutera imiti bisaba kwibanda cyane ku guhitamo ibikoresho, impamyabumenyi ya chimique no gukurikirana.Umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, gutembera-rejime na geometrie ya sisitemu irashobora kuzana imbogamizi kumikorere itekanye.Imbogamizi zagaragaye mu birometero byinshi umurongo utera inshinge kuva aho ukorera kugeza ku cyitegererezo cyo munsi yinyanja no mumashanyarazi yatewe mumariba.
Inararibonye zo mu murima zerekana ubunini bwa sisitemu yo gutera inshinge zihoraho zijyanye no kugwa hamwe nibibazo bya ruswa.Kwiga muri laboratoire no gukoresha uburyo bushya bwo kwemeza imiti ihagarariwe.Ibikenewe mubikorwa byinshi byakemuwe.
Intangiriro
Statoil ikora imirima myinshi aho hashyizweho inshinge zikomeza gutera imiti.Ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gutera inshinge inhibitori (SI) aho ikigamijwe ari ukurinda igituba cyo hejuru hamwe na valve yumutekano wo hasi (DHSV) kuri (Ba / Sr) SO4orCaCO;igipimo.Rimwe na rimwe, emulion yameneka yatewe inshinge kugirango itangire inzira yo gutandukana nkibwimbitse mu iriba rishoboka ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru.
Gukomeza gutera inshinge za inhibitor kumanuka ni igisubizo gikwiye muburyo bwo kurinda igice cyo hejuru yamariba afite ubushobozi bwo gupima hejuru yabapakira ibicuruzwa.Gukomeza gutera inshinge birashobora gusabwa cyane cyane mumariba adakeneye gukanda kubera ubushobozi buke bwo gupima mumariba yegereye;cyangwa mugihe aho umunzani ukanda wenda bigoye kandi bihenze gukora muburyo busanzwe, urugero: guhuza imirima yinyanja.
Statoil yongereye uburambe kubijyanye no gutera imiti ikomeza kuri sisitemu yo hejuru hamwe na templates zo mu nyanja ariko ikibazo gishya ni ugufata aho batera inshinge mu iriba.Gushushanya, gukora no kubungabunga imirongo yo gutera imiti bisaba kwibanda cyane kubintu byinshi;nko guhitamo ibikoresho, impamyabumenyi ya chimique no gukurikirana.Umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, gutembera-rejime na geometrie ya sisitemu irashobora kuzana imbogamizi kumikorere itekanye.Inzitizi ziri mumirongo miremire (kilometero nyinshi) ziva mumashanyarazi kugeza ku cyitegererezo cyo munsi yinyanja no mumashanyarazi yatewe mumariba byagaragaye;Igishushanyo.1.Zimwe muri sisitemu zo gutera inshinge zakoze ukurikije gahunda, mugihe izindi zananiwe kubwimpamvu zitandukanye.Hateganijwe iterambere rishya ryimirima yo gutera inshinge (DHCI);nyamara;rimwe na rimwe ibikoresho ntabwo byujuje ibyangombwa byuzuye.
Gushyira mu bikorwa DHCI ni umurimo utoroshye.Harimo kurangiza no gushushanya neza, chimie neza, sisitemu yo hejuru hamwe na sisitemu ya dosiye ya sisitemu yo hejuru.Imiti izavomerwa hejuru ikoresheje umurongo wo gutera imiti kugeza ibikoresho birangiye bikamanuka mu iriba.Kubwibyo, mugutegura no gushyira mubikorwa ubu bwoko bwubufatanye bwimishinga hagati yingingo nyinshi ni ngombwa.Ibitekerezo bitandukanye bigomba gusuzumwa kandi itumanaho ryiza mugihe cyo gushushanya ni ngombwa.Abashinzwe gutunganya ibintu, abashakashatsi bo mu nyanja hamwe naba injeniyeri barangije barabigizemo uruhare, bakora ibijyanye na chimie nziza, guhitamo ibikoresho, ubwishingizi bwimikorere no gucunga imiti.Imbogamizi zirashobora kuba umwami wimbunda ya chimique cyangwa ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, ruswa kandi rimwe na rimwe ingaruka zumuvuduko bitewe nigitutu cyaho ningaruka zitemba mumurongo utera imiti.Usibye ibyo, ibintu nkumuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi wa gaze, ubushobozi bwo gupima cyane，intera ndende yumubyimba hamwe ninshinge zimbitse mumiriba, utange ibibazo bya tekiniki nibisabwa bitandukanye kumiti yatewe no kuri valve yatewe.
Incamake ya sisitemu ya DHCI yashyizwe mubikorwa bya Statoil yerekana ko uburambe butigeze bugenda neza Imbonerahamwe 1. Icyakora, harategurwa gahunda yo kunoza igishushanyo mbonera, impamyabumenyi, imiti no kuyitunganya.Ibibazo biratandukanye bivuye kumurima, kandi ikibazo ntabwo byanze bikunze ko valve yimiti ubwayo idakora.
Mu myaka yashize, ibibazo byinshi byerekeranye n'imirongo yo gutera imiti.Muri iyi nyandiko ingero zimwe zitangwa muri inararibonye.Uru rupapuro ruganira ku mbogamizi n'ingamba zafashwe zo gukemura ibibazo bijyanye n'imirongo ya DHCI.Amateka abiri yimanza yatanzwe;imwe kuri ruswa naho iyindi miti yumwami.Inararibonye zo mu murima zerekana ubunini bwa sisitemu yo gutera inshinge zihoraho zijyanye no kugwa hamwe nibibazo bya ruswa.
Ubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire no gukoresha uburyo bushya bwo kwuzuza imiti nabyo birasuzumwa;uburyo bwo kuvoma imiti, ubushobozi bwo gupima no gukumira, gukoresha ibikoresho bigoye nuburyo imiti izagira ingaruka kuri sisitemu yo hejuru mugihe imiti ikozwe inyuma.Emera ibipimo ngenderwaho mugukoresha imiti ikubiyemo ibibazo byibidukikije, gukora neza, ubushobozi bwo kubika hejuru, igipimo cya pompe, niba pompe ihari ishobora gukoreshwa nibindi. Ibyifuzo bya tekiniki bigomba gushingira kumazi ya chimie na chimie, gutahura ibisigazwa, guhuza ibikoresho, igishushanyo mbonera cy’amazi, sisitemu ya dosiye. n'ibikoresho bikikije iyi mirongo.Imiti irashobora gukenera guhagarikwa kugirango hirindwe gucomeka kumurongo watewe na gaze kandi imiti ntigomba guhagarara mugihe cyo gutwara no kubika.Mu mabwiriza yimbere yimbere harimo urutonde rwimiti ishobora gukoreshwa kuri buri mwanya muri sisitemu Imiterere yumubiri nkubwiza ni ngombwa.Sisitemu yo gutera inshinge irashobora kwerekana intera ya kilometero 3-50 zumurongo wumurongo wamazi wamazi na 1-3 km kumuriba.Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwo guhagarara nabwo ni ngombwa.Isuzuma ryingaruka zo hasi, urugero nko muruganda rushobora nanone gusuzumwa.
Sisitemu yo gutera inshinge
Inyungu y'ibiciro
Gukomeza gutera inshinge inhibitor kumanuka kugirango urinde DHS Vor kubyara umusaruro wenda birashoboka cyane ugereranije no gukanda iriba hamwe na inhibitor.Iyi porogaramu igabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ugereranije nubuvuzi bunini bwo kugabanya, bigabanya ubushobozi bwibibazo byakozwe nyuma yikigero kinini kandi bigatanga uburyo bwo kugenzura igipimo cyo gutera imiti kuva sisitemu yo gutera hejuru.Sisitemu yo gutera inshinge irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugutera indi miti ubudahwema kumanuka kandi birashobora kugabanya izindi mbogamizi zishobora kugaragara hepfo yumushinga.
Ubushakashatsi bwuzuye bwakozwe hifashishijwe ingamba zo hasi ya Oseberg S cyangwa umurima.Ikibazo nyamukuru cyari impungenge ni CaCO;gupima muri tubing yo hejuru kandi birashoboka gutsindwa kwa DHSV.Ibitekerezo bya Oseberg S cyangwa ingamba zo gucunga byanzuye ko mugihe cyimyaka itatu, DHCI aricyo gisubizo cyiza cyane mumariba aho imirongo yatewe imiti yakoreraga.Ikintu nyamukuru cyigiciro cyerekeranye na tekinike yo guhatanira gukanda igipimo ni amavuta yatinze aho kuba imiti / ibikorwa.Kugira ngo hashyizwe ingufu za inibitori mu kuzamura gaze, ikintu cyingenzi ku giciro cy’imiti ni umuvuduko mwinshi wo kuzamura gaze bigatuma SI yibanda cyane, kubera ko icyerekezo cyagombaga guhuzwa n’igipimo cyo kuzamura gaze kugira ngo hatabaho umwami w’imbunda.Ku mariba abiri kuri Oseberg S cyangwa yari afite imirongo ya DHC I ikora neza, ubu buryo bwatoranijwe kugirango burinde DHS V kurwanya CaCO;gupima.
Sisitemu yo gukomeza gutera inshinge
Ibisubizo birangiye biriho ukoresheje sisitemu yo gutera inshinge zihoraho zihura nibibazo kugirango wirinde gucomeka kumurongo wa capillary.Mubisanzwe sisitemu yo gutera inshinge igizwe numurongo wa capillary, 1/4 ”cyangwa 3/8” hanze ya diametre (OD), ifatanye kugeza hejuru yubuso, igaburirwa-kandi igahuza na tinging kumpande kuruhande rwumwaka.Umurongo wa capillary wometse kumurambararo winyuma wumusemburo wibyuma ukoresheje udukingirizo twihariye twa coling clamps kandi ukorera hanze yigituba kugeza kumanura ya mitiweli.Mandel isanzwe ishyirwa hejuru-ya DHS V cyangwa ikuzimu mu iriba hagamijwe gutanga imiti yatewe inshinge ihagije yo gukwirakwiza no gushyira imiti aho ibibazo biboneka.
Ku gikoresho cyo gutera inshinge, Igishusho.2, karitsiye ntoya ya 1.5 ”ya diametre irimo indangagaciro zo kugenzura zibuza amazi ya wellbore kwinjira kumurongo wa capillary.Nigipupe gito kigendera kumasoko.Imbaraga zimpanuka zishyiraho kandi zigahanura igitutu gisabwa kugirango ufungure poppet kuntebe.Iyo imiti itangiye gutemba, poppet ikurwa ku ntebe yayo igakingura cheque.
Birasabwa kugira ibyuma bibiri byo kugenzura.Umuyoboro umwe ninzitizi yibanze ibuza amazi ya wellbore kwinjira mumurongo wa capillary.Ibi bifite umuvuduko muke wo gufungura (2-15bars) .Niba umuvuduko wa hydrostatike uri mumurongo wa capillary utari munsi yumuvuduko wa wellbore fluid amazi meza azagerageza kwinjira mumurongo wa capillary.Ubundi cheque valve ifite umuvuduko udasanzwe wo gufungura utubari 130-250 kandi izwi nka sisitemu yo gukumira U-tube.Iyi valve irinda imiti iri mumurongo wa capillary gutembera mumariba yisanzuye mugihe umuvuduko wa hydrostatike uri mumurongo wa capillary uba mwinshi kuruta umuvuduko wa wellbore aho utera imiti imbere yigituba.
Usibye ibice bibiri byo kugenzura ， mubisanzwe hariho umurongo wo kuyungurura, intego yibi ni ukureba ko nta myanda iyo ari yo yose ishobora guhungabanya ubushobozi bwo gufunga sisitemu ya cheque valve.
Ingano ya cheque yasobanuwe yasobanuwe ni nto, kandi isuku yamazi yatewe ni ngombwa kubikorwa byayo.Byizerwa ko imyanda iri muri sisitemu ishobora gutwarwa no kongera umuvuduko imbere mumurongo wa capillary, kugirango cheque ya cheque ifungure nkana.
Iyo cheque ya valve ifunguye, umuvuduko utemba ugabanuka vuba kandi ukwirakwiza umurongo wa capillary kugeza igihe igitutu cyongeye kwiyongera.Kugenzura valve bizahita bifunga kugeza igihe imiti yimiti yongereye imbaraga zihagije zo gufungura valve;ibisubizo ni ihindagurika ryumuvuduko muri sisitemu yo kugenzura valve.Umuvuduko mwinshi wo gufungura cheque ya sisitemu ifite, ahantu hatemba hashyirwaho mugihe cheque valve ifunguye kandi sisitemu igerageza kugera kubintu bingana.
Imiti yo gutera imiti ifite umuvuduko muke wo gufungura;kandi niba igitutu cyumuvuduko wa chimique yinjira kigabanutse munsi yumubare wumuvuduko wa hydrostatike wimiti imbere mumurongo wa capillary wongeyeho umuvuduko wo gufungura cheque, hafi ya vacuum cyangwa vacuum bizabera mugice cyo hejuru cyumurongo wa capillary.Iyo inshinge za chimique zihagaritse cyangwa umuvuduko wimiti ni muke, hafi yimiterere ya vacuum izatangira kugaragara mugice cyo hejuru cyumurongo wa capillary.
Urwego rwa vacuum rushingiye kumuvuduko wa wellbore, uburemere bwihariye bwuruvange rwimiti yatewe ikoreshwa imbere yumurongo wa capillary, umuvuduko wa cheque wafunguye aho baterwa no gutembera kwa chimique imbere mumurongo wa capillary.Ibihe byiza bizatandukana mugihe cyubuzima bwumurima kandi ubushobozi bwa vacuum nabwo buratandukana amasaha y'ikirenga.Ni ngombwa kumenya iki kibazo kugirango utekereze neza kandi wirinde mbere yuko ibibazo biteganijwe bibaho.
Hamwe nigipimo gito cyo gutera inshinge, mubisanzwe ibishishwa bikoreshwa murubu bwoko bwa porogaramu bigenda byuka bitera ingaruka zitaracukumburwa neza.Izi ngaruka ni umwami wimbunda cyangwa imvura igwa, urugero nka polymers, mugihe umusemburo urimo guhinduka.
Byongeye kandi, selile ya galvanic irashobora gushingwa mugice cyinzibacyuho hagati yubuso bwamazi yimiti hamwe numwuka wuzuye hafi ya gaz ya vacuum hejuru.Ibi birashobora gutuma habaho kwangirika kwimbere mumurongo wa capillary bitewe nubwiyongere bukabije bwimiti muri ibi bihe.Flakes cyangwa kristu yumunyu byakozwe nka firime imbere yumurongo wa capillary nkuko imbere yumye byashoboraga guhagarara cyangwa gucomeka umurongo wa capillary.
Nibyiza filozofiya
Mugihe utegura ibisubizo bikomeye, Statoil isaba ko umutekano w iriba uhora mugihe cyose mugihe cyubuzima bwiriba.Rero, Statoil isaba ko hariho inzitizi ebyiri zigenga neza.Igishushanyo cya 3 cyerekana amariba adasanzwe adasanzwe, aho ibara ry'ubururu ryerekana ibahasha y'ibanze ya bariyeri;muriki gihe umusaruro tubing.Ibara ritukura ryerekana ibahasha ya kabiri;ikariso.Kuruhande rwibumoso mugishushanyo inshinge ya chimique yerekanwa nkumurongo wumukara hamwe ninshinge yerekanwe kumasoko yumusaruro mukarere kagaragajwe umutuku (bariyeri ya kabiri).Mugutangiza uburyo bwo gutera imiti mumiriba, inzitizi zibanze nizisumbuye zibangamirwa.
Urubanza rwamateka kuri ruswa
Urukurikirane rw'ibyabaye
Gutera imiti ya Downhole ya inibitori yakoreshejwe mu murima wa peteroli ukorwa na Statoil kuri Shelf yo muri Noruveje.Muri iki gihe, igipimo cyibuza gukoreshwa cyari cyujuje ibyangombwa byo hejuru no munsi yinyanja.Kuzuza iriba byakurikiwe no gushiraho DHCIpointat2446mMD, Igishusho.3.Gutera kumanura ya inibitori yo hejuru yatangijwe nta yandi mananiza yimiti.
Nyuma yumwaka umwe wibikorwa muri sisitemu yo gutera imiti byagaragaye kandi iperereza riratangira.Kumeneka byagize ingaruka mbi kuri bariyeri.Ibintu nkibi byabereye ku mariba menshi kandi amwe muri yo yagombaga gufungwa mu gihe iperereza rigikomeje.
Umusaruro wa tubing warakuwe kandi wiga muburyo burambuye.Igitero cya ruswa cyagarukiye gusa kuruhande rumwe rw'igituba, kandi ingingo zimwe na zimwe zavanze zangiritse kuburyo ku buryo hari imyobo yabanyuzemo.Hafi ya 8.5mm yuburebure bwa 3% ibyuma bya chrome byari byacitse mumezi atarenze 8.Ruswa nyamukuru yari yarabaye mu gice cyo hejuru cy’iriba, kuva ku iriba kumanuka kugera kuri MD igera kuri 380m, kandi ingingo zifata ingese cyane zabonetse hafi ya MD hafi 350m.Munsi yubujyakuzimu hatagaragara cyangwa nta ruswa yagaragaye, ariko imyanda myinshi yabonetse kuri tubing OD.
Ikariso 9-5 / 8 '' nayo yaraciwe irakururwa kandi ingaruka zisa nazo zaragaragaye;hamwe na ruswa mu gice cyo hejuru cy'iriba kuruhande rumwe gusa.Kumeneka kwatewe no guturika igice cyacitse intege.
Ibikoresho byo gutera imiti byari Alloy 825.
Impamyabumenyi
Ibikoresho bya chimique hamwe no gupima ruswa nibyingenzi byibandwaho mubushobozi bwa inibitori nini kandi inibitori nyayo yari yujuje ibyangombwa kandi ikoreshwa murwego rwo hejuru no munsi yinyanja mumyaka myinshi.Impamvu yo gukoresha imiti nyayo yimiti yarushijeho kunozwa mubidukikije isimbuza imiti yari isanzweho Nyamara, inibitori yikigereranyo yari yarakoreshejwe gusa hejuru y’ibidukikije hamwe nubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja (4-20 ℃).Iyo batewe mu iriba ubushyuhe bwa chimique bushobora kuba hejuru ya 90 but, ariko nta kindi kizamini cyari cyakozwe kuri ubu bushyuhe.
Ikizamini cya mbere cyangirika cyari cyarakozwe nuwatanze imiti kandi ibisubizo byerekanaga 2-4mm / mwaka kubicyuma cya karubone mubushyuhe bwinshi.Muri iki cyiciro habaye uruhare ruto rwubushobozi bwa tekinike yububiko.Ibizamini bishya byaje gukorwa nuwayikoresheje yerekana ko inibitori yangiritse yangirika cyane kubikoresho byo mu tubari no kubyaza umusaruro, hamwe na ruswa irenga 70mm / umwaka.Ibikoresho byo gutera inshinge Alloy 825 ntabwo byari byigeze bipimishwa kubipimo byabigenewe mbere yo gutera inshinge.Ubushyuhe bwiza bushobora kugera kuri 90 ℃ kandi ibizamini bihagije byagombye kuba byarakozwe muribi bihe.
Iperereza ryerekanye kandi ko inibitori yerekana urugero rwakemuye pH ya <3.0.Ariko, pH ntabwo yari yapimwe.Nyuma pH yapimwe yerekanye agaciro gake cyane pH 0-1.Ibi birerekana ko hakenewe ibipimo no gutekereza kubintu hiyongereyeho agaciro ka pH.
Gusobanura ibisubizo
Umurongo wo gutera inshinge (Igishusho.3) wubatswe kugirango utange hydrostatike yumuvuduko wikigereranyo kirenze umuvuduko mwinshi neza aho utera.Inhibitor yatewe kumuvuduko mwinshi kuruta kubaho kuriba.Ibi bivamo U-tube ingaruka yo gufunga iriba.Umuyoboro uzahora ufungura numuvuduko mwinshi mumurongo wo gutera inshinge kuruta kuriba.Vacuum cyangwa guhumeka mumurongo wo gutera inshinge birashobora kubaho.Igipimo cya ruswa hamwe ningaruka zo gutobora nini cyane muri gazi / amazi yinzibacyuho bitewe no guhumeka kwumuti.Ubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire bwakorewe kuri coupons bwemeje iyi nyigisho.Mu mariba yabonetsemo imyenge, imyobo yose yo mumirongo yatewe inshinge yari mugice cyo hejuru cyumurongo utera imiti.
Igishushanyo cya 4 cyerekana ifoto yumurongo wa DHC I hamwe na ruswa igaragara.Kwangirika kugaragara ku musaruro w’inyuma werekanaga ahantu hagaragaramo ibipimo ngarukamwaka biva mu mwobo.Kumeneka kwatewe no gushira ruswa hamwe n’imiti yangirika cyane kandi ikanyura mu murongo w’imiti yinjira mu musaruro.Igipimo cya inhibitor cyatewe kuva kumurongo wa capillary washyizwe kumurongo no kuryama no kumeneka byabaye.Ingaruka zose za kabiri ziterwa no guterwa kumurongo watewe inshinge ntizigeze zisuzumwa.Hanzuwe ko kwangirika no gutobora byatewe nigipimo cyinshi cya inhibitor zasengaga kuva kumurongo wa capillary ugana kumurongo no kuryama, Igishusho.5.
Muri uru rubanza habaye kubura uruhare rwabahanga mubushobozi bwibikoresho.Kwangirika kwimiti kumurongo wa DHCI ntabwo byari byigeze bigeragezwa kandi ingaruka za kabiri zatewe no kumeneka ntizigeze zisuzumwa;nko kumenya niba ibikoresho bikikije bishobora kwihanganira imiti.
Urubanza rwamateka yumwami-imbunda
Urukurikirane rw'ibyabaye
Ingamba zo gukumira igipimo cyumurima wa HP HT kwari ugukomeza gutera inshinge inhibitor hejuru yimbere ya valve yumutekano.Iriba rya calcium karubone ikomeye yo gupima byagaragaye mu iriba.Imwe mu mbogamizi ni ubushyuhe bwo hejuru na gaze nyinshi hamwe na kondensate y’umusaruro hamwe n’umusaruro muke w’amazi.Impungenge zatewe no gutera inshinge nini ni uko umusemburo uzamburwa n’umusaruro mwinshi wa gaze kandi umwami w’imbunda w’imiti yaberaga aho baterwa inshinge hejuru y’ikirindiro cy’umutekano mu iriba, Ishusho.1.
Mugihe cyujuje ubuziranenge bwibipimo byibanze ku mikorere yibicuruzwa mubihe bya HP HT harimo imyitwarire muri sisitemu yo hejuru (ubushyuhe buke).Imvura igabanya igipimo ubwacyo muri tubing itanga umusaruro kubera umuvuduko mwinshi wa gaze nicyo cyari ikibazo nyamukuru.Ibizamini bya laboratoire byerekanaga ko inibitori ishobora kugabanuka no gukomera ku rukuta.Imikorere ya valve yumutekano irashobora rero gutsinda ibyago.
Ubunararibonye bwerekanye ko nyuma yibyumweru bike byo gukora umurongo wimiti wasohotse.Byarashobokaga gukurikirana umuvuduko wa wellbore kurwego rwo hejuru rwashyizwe kumurongo wa capillary.Umurongo wigunze kugirango ubone ubunyangamugayo.
Umurongo wo gutera imiti wakuwe mu iriba, urakingurwa kandi ugenzurwa kugira ngo umenye ikibazo kandi ushake impamvu zishobora gutsindwa.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6, habonetse umubare munini wimvura kandi isesengura ryimiti ryerekanye ko bimwe muribi byari ibipimo byangiza.Imvura yari iherereye kuri kashe kandi poppet na valve ntishobora gukoreshwa.
Kunanirwa kwa valve byatewe n imyanda iri muri sisitemu ya valve ibuza kugenzura cheque kurya ku cyuma kugeza ku cyicaro.Imyanda yarasuzumwe kandi ibice by'ingenzi byagaragaye ko ari ibyuma, birashoboka ko byakozwe mugihe cyo gushyiraho umurongo wa capillary.Byongeye kandi, imyanda imwe yera yagaragaye kumpande zombi zigenzura cyane cyane inyuma yinyuma.Uru ni uruhande rwumuvuduko muke, nukuvuga uruhande burigihe rwaba ruhuye namazi meza.Ku ikubitiro, iyi yatekerezaga ko ari imyanda iva ku iriba ry'umusaruro kuva aho imibavu yari imaze gufungurwa no guhura n'amazi meza.Ariko gusuzuma imyanda byagaragaye ko ari polymers hamwe na chimie isa na chimique ikoreshwa nka inhibitor.Ibi byadushimishije kandi Statoil yashakaga kumenya impamvu zitera iyi myanda ya polymer igaragara kumurongo wa capillary.
Impamyabumenyi
Mu murima wa HP HT hari ibibazo byinshi bijyanye no guhitamo imiti ikwiye kugirango igabanye ibibazo bitandukanye by’umusaruro.Mu rwego rwo kwipimisha umunzani kugirango uhore utera inshinge, hakozwe ibizamini bikurikira:
Stability Guhagarara kw'ibicuruzwa
Gusaza k'ubushyuhe
Tests Ibizamini byimikorere
Guhuza n'amazi yo gukora hamwe na hydrate inhibitor (MEG)
Ikizamini cyimbunda gihamye kandi gifite imbaraga
Kongera gusesa amakuru yamakuru, imiti mishya na MEG
Imiti izaterwa ku kigero cyagenwe mbere，ariko umusaruro wamazi ntabwo byanze bikunze uhoraho，ni ukuvuga amazi atemba.Hagati y'amazi，iyo imiti yinjiye mu iriba，bizahura nubushyuhe，umuvuduko wa gazi ya hydrocarubone.Ibi bisa no gutera inshinge inibitori murwego rwo kuzamura gaze (Fleming etal.2003). Hamwe na hamwe
ubushyuhe bwa gaze，ibyago byo kwamburwa ibishishwa ni byinshi cyane kandi umwami wimbunda arashobora gutera kuziba kwa valve.Ibi ni akaga ndetse no kumiti ikozwe hamwe no gutekesha cyane / gushiramo umwuka muke hamwe nizindi myuka ya Vapor Pressure (VPD's) .Mu gihe habaye guhagarika igice，gutemba kw'amazi，MEG na / cyangwa imiti mishya igomba kuba ishobora gukuraho cyangwa kongera gushonga imiti idafite umwuma cyangwa imbunda.
Muri iki gihe, ibizamini bya laboratoire bishya byateguwe kugirango bigane imiterere itemba hafi yicyambu cyo gutera inshinge kuri HP / HTg nka sisitemu yo gukora.Ibisubizo bivuye mu bigeragezo byimbaraga byumwami byerekana ko mugihe cyateganijwe cyo gusaba igihombo gikomeye cyanditswe.Ibi birashobora gutuma umwami wimbunda yihuta kandi amaherezo akabuza umurongo.Akazi rero kerekanye ko hashobora kubaho ingaruka zikomeye zatewe no gutera inshinge zihoraho muri aya mariba mbere y’umusaruro w’amazi bityo bigatuma hafatwa icyemezo cyo guhindura uburyo busanzwe bwo gutangiza uyu murima, gutinda gutera imiti kugeza igihe habonetse amazi.
Impamyabushobozi ya inibitori yo guhora yatewe inshinge yibanze cyane ku kwambura umusemburo hamwe n’umwami w’imbunda ya inibitori y’ibipimo aho yatewe inshinge ndetse no ku murongo w’amazi ariko ntibishobora gusuzumwa ubushobozi bw’umwami w’imbunda muri valve yatewe.Indangantego yo gutera inshinge birashoboka ko yananiwe kubera igihombo gikomeye kandi cyihuta cyumwami,Igishushanyo.6.Ibisubizo byerekana ko ari ngombwa kugira icyerekezo cyuzuye cya sisitemu;ntiwibande gusa kubibazo byumusaruro,ariko nanone ibibazo bijyanye no gutera inshinge,ni ukuvuga inshinge.
Inararibonye ziva mubindi bice
Imwe muri raporo za mbere ku bibazo by’imirongo miremire yo gutera imiti yaturutse mu murima wa Gull fak sandVig dis (Osa etal.2001) .Imirongo yo gutera amazi yo mu nyanja yabujijwe gukora hydrate mu murongo kubera gutera gaze ivuye mu mazi yatanzwe. mumurongo unyuze mumashanyarazi.Hashyizweho umurongo ngenderwaho mushya wo guteza imbere imiti ikomoka mu nyanja.Ibisabwa byari bikubiyemo kuvanaho ibice (kuyungurura) no kongeramo hydrate inhibitor (urugero glycol) kubipimo byose byamazi ashingiye kubipimo byo gutera inshinge zo mu nyanja.Imiti ihamye,viscosity no guhuza (amazi nibikoresho) nabyo byasuzumwe.Ibi bisabwa byafashwe cyane muri sisitemu ya Statoil kandi harimo no gutera inshinge zo munsi.
Mu cyiciro cyiterambere cya Oseberg S cyangwa umurima hemejwe ko amariba yose agomba kuzuzwa na sisitemu ya DHC I (Fleming etal.2006) .Intego yari iyo gukumira CaCO；gupima muri tubing yo hejuru ukoresheje inshinge SI.Imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zerekeranye n'imirongo yo gutera imiti ni ukugera ku itumanaho hagati yubuso bwimbere.Imbere ya diametre y'umurongo utera imiti yagabanutse kuva kuri 7mm kugeza kuri 0.7mm (ID) ikikije valve yumutekano wa annulus kubera umwanya muto hamwe nubushobozi bwamazi yatwarwa muri iki gice byagize ingaruka kubitsinzi.Amariba menshi ya platifomu yari afite imirongo yo gutera inshinge zacometse,ariko impamvu ntiyasobanutse.Gariyamoshi y'amazi atandukanye (glycol,ikinyabupfura,condensate,xylene,inibitori,amazi nibindi) byageragejwe muri laboratoire kugirango ibone ubwuzuzanye kandi ihuze hanyuma ivomwe imbere no muburyo butandukanye kugirango ifungure imirongo;ariko,igipimo cyibipimo ntarengwa ntishobora kuvomwa kugeza kumanuka ya valve yatewe inshinge.Ibindi,ingorane zagaragaye hamwe n’imvura yaguye ya fosifone igipimo hamwe na CaCl z isigaye yarangije gusiba mu iriba rimwe hamwe n’umwami w’imbunda wa inhibitor ya minisiteri imbere mu iriba rifite igipimo kinini cya gaze hamwe n’amazi make (Fleming etal.2006)
Amasomo twize
Gutezimbere uburyo bwikizamini
Amasomo y'ingenzi yakuwe mu kunanirwa kwa sisitemu ya DHC I yabaye ku bijyanye na tekiniki ya tekinike ya inibitori kandi ntabwo yerekeranye n'imikorere no gutera inshinge.Gutera hejuru no gutera inshinge zakoze neza amasaha y'ikirenga;ariko,Porogaramu yongerewe kugeza inshinge za chimique nta kuvugurura bijyanye nuburyo bwa chimique yujuje ibyangombwa.Ubunararibonye bwa Statoil buvuye mu manza ebyiri zerekanwe ni uko inyandiko ziyobora cyangwa umurongo ngenderwaho w’ubushobozi bw’imiti bigomba kuvugururwa kugirango hashyirwemo ubu bwoko bwimiti.Inzitizi ebyiri nyamukuru zagaragaye nka i) icyuho mumurongo wo gutera imiti na ii) imvura ishobora kugwa.
Ihinduka ry'imiti rishobora kugaragara ku mbuto zitanga umusaruro (nkuko bigaragara mu rubanza rw'umwami w'imbunda) no mu gutera inshinge (intera y'inzibacyuho yagaragaye mu cyuho) hari impungenge ko izo mvura zishobora kwimurwa n'amazi kandi mu gikoresho cyo gutera inshinge no mu iriba.Indangantego yo gutera inshinge akenshi ikorwa hamwe nayunguruzo hejuru yinshinge,iki ni ikibazo,nko mugihe cyimvura iyi filteri irashobora gucomeka bigatuma valve inanirwa.
Indorerezi n'imyanzuro ibanziriza amasomo twize byatumye habaho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse muri laboratoire.Intego rusange yari iyo guteza imbere uburyo bushya bwo kuzuza ibisabwa kugirango twirinde ibibazo nkibi biri imbere.Muri ubu bushakashatsi hakozwe ibizamini bitandukanye kandi hashyizweho uburyo butandukanye bwa laboratoire (bwakozwe hagamijwe) gusuzuma imiti bijyanye n’ibibazo byagaragaye.
Gushungura ibibuza no guhagarika ibicuruzwa muri sisitemu ifunze.
● Ingaruka zo gutakaza igice cya solvent kubora imiti.
Ingaruka zo gutakaza igice cya solvent muri capillary kumikorere yibikomeye cyangwa amashanyarazi acomeka.
Mugihe cyibizamini byuburyo bwa laboratoire hagaragaye ibibazo byinshi bishoboka
Gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi kuyungurura no guhagarara nabi.
Formation Gukomera gukomeye nyuma yo guhinduka igice kiva muri capillary
● PH ihinduka kubera igihombo.
Imiterere y'ibizamini byakozwe nayo yatanze amakuru nubumenyi bijyanye nimpinduka zimiterere yimiti yimiti muri capillaries mugihe ihuye nibihe bimwe,nuburyo ibyo bitandukanye nibisubizo byinshi byakorewe ibintu bisa.Igikorwa cyo gupima nacyo cyagaragaje itandukaniro rinini hagati yamazi menshi，ibyuka byumuyaga hamwe nibisigara bisigaye bishobora kuganisha ku kongera ubushobozi bwimvura cyangwa / cyangwa kwiyongera kwangirika.
Uburyo bwo gukora ikizamini cyo kwangirika kwipima igipimo cyateguwe kandi bushyirwa mu nyandiko ziyobora.Kuri buri porogaramu yaguye kwangirika kwagombaga gukorwa mbere yo gutera inshinge inhibitor ishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa.Hakozwe ibizamini byimbunda ya chimique kumurongo wo gutera inshinge.
Mbere yo gutangira impamyabumenyi yimiti ni ngombwa gushyiraho urwego rwimirimo isobanura imbogamizi nintego yimiti.Mu cyiciro cyambere ni ngombwa kumenya ibibazo nyamukuru kugirango ubashe guhitamo ubwoko bwimiti (s) izakemura ikibazo.Incamake yingingo zingenzi zemewe zishobora kuboneka mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
Impamyabushobozi yimiti
Impamyabumenyi yimiti igizwe nugupima hamwe nisuzuma rya buri kintu.Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki n'ibipimo by'ibizamini bigomba gusobanurwa no gushyirwaho，urugero muri HSE,guhuza ibikoresho,ibicuruzwa bihamye hamwe nubwiza bwibicuruzwa (ibice).Ibindi,ingingo yo gukonjesha,viscosity no guhuza nindi miti,hydrate inhibitor,amazi yo gukora hamwe namazi yatanzwe agomba kugenwa.Urutonde rworoshe rwuburyo bwikizamini wenda bwakoreshwa mubushobozi bwimiti yatanzwe mumeza 2.
Gukomeza kwibanda no gukurikirana imikorere ya tekiniki,igipimo cya dosiye nibintu bya HSE ni ngombwa.Ibisabwa ku bicuruzwa birashobora guhindura umurima cyangwa gutunganya ibihingwa ubuzima bwose；Bitandukanye nigipimo cyumusaruro kimwe nibigize amazi.Gukurikirana ibikorwa hamwe no gusuzuma imikorere,gutezimbere no / cyangwa kugerageza imiti mishya bigomba gukorwa kenshi kugirango gahunda nziza yo kuvura.
Ukurikije ubwiza bwa peteroli,umusaruro w'amazi n'ibibazo bya tekiniki ku ruganda rutanga umusaruro,gukoresha imiti itanga umusaruro wenda bikenewe kugirango ubuziranenge bwoherezwe hanze,ibisabwa n'amategeko,no gukora installation ya offshore muburyo butekanye.Imirima yose ifite ibibazo bitandukanye, kandi imiti ikenewe ikenerwa izatandukana kumurima no kumasaha y'ikirenga.
Ni ngombwa kwibanda ku mikorere ya tekiniki yimiti itanga umusaruro muri gahunda yujuje ibyangombwa,ariko kandi ni ngombwa cyane kwibanda kumiterere yimiti,nko gushikama,ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa no guhuza.Guhuza muriyi miterere bisobanura guhuza n'amazi,ibikoresho nindi miti itanga umusaruro.Ibi birashobora kuba ingorabahizi.Ntabwo ari byiza gukoresha imiti kugirango ikemure ikibazo kugirango tumenye nyuma ko imiti igira uruhare cyangwa itera ibibazo bishya.Birashoboka ko imiterere yimiti ntabwo ari ikibazo cya tekiniki nicyo kibazo gikomeye.
Ibisabwa bidasanzwe
Ibisabwa byihariye ku kuyungurura ibicuruzwa byatanzwe bigomba gukoreshwa kuri sisitemu yo munsi yinyanja no kumanura inshinge zikomeza.Imashini nayunguruzo muri sisitemu yo gutera imiti igomba gutangwa hashingiwe kubisobanuro ku bikoresho byo hasi biva muri sisitemu yo gutera inshinge.,pompe na valve,kugeza kumanura yo kumanura.Iyo hashyizweho inshinge zihoraho zimiti ikoreshwa ibisobanuro muri sisitemu yo gutera imiti bigomba gushingira kubisobanuro bifite kunegura cyane.Ibi birashoboka ko muyungurura kuri inshinge ya valve hepfo.
Inzitizi zo gutera inshinge
Sisitemu yo gutera inshinge irashobora kwerekana intera ya kilometero 3-50 zumurongo wamazi yo munsi yinyanja na 1-3 km kumuriba.Imiterere yumubiri nkubwiza nubushobozi bwo kuvoma imiti nibyingenzi.Niba ubukonje bwubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja buri hejuru cyane birashobora kuba ingorabahizi kuvoma imiti binyuze mumurongo utera imiti mumyanya yo munsi yinyanja no mumwanya wo guteramo amazi cyangwa kuriba.Ubukonje bugomba gukurikiza ibisobanuro bya sisitemu kububiko buteganijwe cyangwa ubushyuhe bwimikorere.Ibi bigomba gusuzumwa muri buri kibazo,kandi bizaba sisitemu.Nka igipimo cyo gutera imiti kumeza nikintu cyo gutsinda mugutera inshinge.Kugabanya ibyago byo gucomeka umurongo utera imiti，imiti muri iyi sisitemu igomba kuba hydrate ihagarikwa (niba bishoboka kuri hydrat).Guhuza n'amazi aboneka muri sisitemu (kubungabunga amazi) hamwe na hydrate inhibitor igomba gukorwa.Ibizamini bihamye byimiti kubushyuhe nyabwo (ubushyuhe buke bushoboka bwibidukikije,ubushyuhe bwibidukikije,ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja,ubushyuhe bwo gutera inshinge) bigomba gutambuka.
Porogaramu yo koza imirongo yatewe inshinge kumirongo yatanzwe nayo igomba gusuzumwa.Irashobora gutanga ingaruka zo gukumira guhora woza umurongo utera imiti hamwe na solvent，glycol cyangwa gusukura imiti kugirango ikureho ibishoboka mbere yuko yegeranya kandi irashobora gutera gucomeka kumurongo.Umuti watoranijwe wo kuvura amazi agomba kubabihujwe na chimique mumurongo wo gutera inshinge.
Rimwe na rimwe, umurongo utera imiti ukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha imiti hashingiwe kubibazo bitandukanye mubuzima bwumurima hamwe nubuzima bwamazi.Mu cyiciro cyambere cyo kubyaza umusaruro amazi atambutse ibibazo nyamukuru birashobora gutandukana nibiri mubuzima bwanyuma akenshi bijyanye no kongera umusaruro wamazi.Guhindura kuva mumashanyarazi adafite amazi ashingiye kuri inhibitor nka asifalt ene inhibitori ya chimique ishingiye kumazi nkibipimo byangiza bishobora gutanga imbogamizi zijyanye no guhuza.Ni ngombwa rero kwibanda ku guhuza no kuzuza ibisabwa no gukoresha icyogajuru mugihe hateganijwe guhindura imiti mumurongo wo gutera imiti.
Ibikoresho
Kubijyanye no guhuza ibikoresho,imiti yose igomba guhuzwa na kashe,elastomers，gasketi nibikoresho byubwubatsi bikoreshwa muri sisitemu yo gutera imiti ninganda zitanga umusaruro.Uburyo bwo kwipimisha kwangirika kwimiti (urugero: aside irike ya inibitori) kugirango habeho gutera inshinge.Kuri buri porogaramu yaguye kwangirika bigomba gukorwa mbere yo gutera imiti ishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa.
Ikiganiro
Ibyiza nibibi byo guterwa imiti ikomeza kumanuka bigomba gusuzumwa.Gukomeza gutera inshinge zibuza kurinda DHS Vor kubyara umusaruro nuburyo bwiza bwo kurinda iriba umunzani.Nkuko byavuzwe muri iyi nyandiko hari ibibazo byinshi hamwe no gutera inshinge zikomeza kumanuka,icyakora kugabanya ibyago ni ngombwa kumva ibintu bifitanye isano nigisubizo.
Bumwe mu buryo bwo kugabanya ingaruka ni kwibanda ku iterambere ryikizamini.Ugereranije no gutera inshinge zo hejuru cyangwa munsi yinyanja hari ibintu bitandukanye kandi bikomeye cyane munsi yiziba.Uburyo bwujuje ibyangombwa byimiti yo gutera inshinge zikomeza kumiti bigomba kwitabwaho izi mpinduka mubihe.Impamyabumenyi yimiti igomba gukorwa ukurikije ibikoresho imiti ishobora guhura nayo.Ibisabwa kugirango umuntu yuzuze ibisabwa kandi yipimishe mubihe bigana hafi bishoboka ubuzima bwiza bwubuzima butandukanye sisitemu izakora munsi igomba kuvugururwa no gushyirwa mubikorwa.Iterambere ryuburyo bwikizamini rigomba gutezwa imbere kugirango ibizamini bifatika kandi bihagarariwe.
Byongeye,imikoranire hagati yimiti nibikoresho nibyingenzi kugirango bigerweho.Iterambere ryimiti ya chimique yo gutera inshinge igomba kuzirikana imiterere yimiti hamwe na valve yatewe mumiriba.Byakagombye gutekerezwa gushyiramo indiba nyazo nkigice cyibikoresho byo kwipimisha no gukora ibizamini byerekana ibipimo byerekana inibitori na valve igishushanyo mbonera muri gahunda yujuje ibyangombwa.Kugirango wuzuze ibipimo byerekana,intego nyamukuru yibanze mbere kubibazo byinzira no kubuza igipimo,ariko igipimo cyiza cyo kubuza biterwa no guterwa neza kandi bikomeje.Hatariho inshinge zihamye kandi zihoraho ubushobozi bwikigereranyo buziyongera.Niba igipimo cya inibitori yo gutera inshinge ari gunk ed kandi nta ntera ya inhibitor yatewe mumigezi y'amazi,iriba n'umutekano byumutekano ntibirinzwe kurwego bityo umusaruro utekanye urashobora guhungabana.Uburyo bwujuje ibyangombwa bugomba kwita ku mbogamizi zijyanye no gutera inshinge za inibitori hiyongereyeho imbogamizi zikorwa hamwe nubushobozi bwa inibitori yujuje ibyangombwa.
Uburyo bushya burimo disipuline nyinshi nubufatanye hagati yinyigisho ninshingano zabyo bigomba gusobanurwa.Muri iyi porogaramu sisitemu yo hejuru,inyandikorugero yinyanja nigishushanyo cyiza no kuzuza birimo.Imiyoboro myinshi yibanda mugutezimbere ibisubizo bikomeye kuri sisitemu yo gutera imiti ni ngombwa kandi wenda inzira yo gutsinda.Itumanaho hagati yinyigisho zitandukanye ni ngombwa;cyane itumanaho rya hafi hagati ya chimiste bafite kugenzura imiti ikoreshwa naba injeniyeri bafite iriba bafite ibikoresho bikoreshwa muririba ni ngombwa.Kumva ibibazo bitandukanye bya disipuline no kwigira kuri buriwese ni ngombwa kugirango dusobanukirwe ningorabahizi zose.
Umwanzuro
● Gukomeza gutera inshinge inhibitor kugirango urinde DHS Vor kubyara umusaruro nuburyo bwiza bwo kurinda iriba kubipimo
● Gukemura ibibazo byagaragaye,ibyifuzo bikurikira：
Procedure Uburyo bwihariye bwa DHCI bwujuje ibyangombwa bugomba gukorwa.
Method Uburyo bwujuje ibyangombwa byo gutera imiti
Methods Uburyo bwo gupima nubushobozi bwo gukora imiti
Development Gutezimbere uburyo
Testing Ibizamini bifatika
Imikoranire ihuriweho na disipulini aho itumanaho hagati yinyigisho zinyuranye zirimo ningirakamaro kugirango umuntu agire icyo ageraho.
Gushimira
Umwanditsi yifuje gushimira Statoil AS A uruhushya rwo gutangaza iki gitabo na Baker Hughes na Schlumberger kuba bemereye gukoresha ishusho mu gishushanyo.2.
Amazina
(Ba / Sr) SO4 = barium / strontium sulfate
CaCO3 = karubone ya calcium
DHCI = inshinge zo hasi
DHSV = impanuka yumutekano
urugero = urugero
GOR = igipimo cya gaze
HSE = ibidukikije byubuzima
HPHT = umuvuduko mwinshi ubushyuhe bwinshi
ID = diameter y'imbere
ni ukuvuga = nibyo
km = kilometero
mm = milimetero
MEG = mono Ethylene glycol
mMD = metero yapimye ubujyakuzimu
OD = diameter yo hanze
SI = igipimo cyerekana
mTV D = metero yuburebure bwuzuye
U-tube = U.
VPD = imyuka yumuvuduko ukabije
Igicapo 1. Incamake ya sisitemu yo gutera imiti yo munsi yinyanja na downhole mumashanyarazi adasanzwe.Igishushanyo cyo gutera inshinge hejuru ya DHSV nibibazo bifitanye isano.DHS V.
Igishushanyo 2. Igishushanyo cya sisitemu yo guterwa imiti idasanzwe hamwe na mandel na valve.Sisitemu ifatanye hejuru yubuso bwinshi, igaburirwa-kandi igahuzwa na tubing hanger kuruhande rwumwaka wa tubing.Indangantego yo gutera imiti isanzwe ishyirwa mu iriba hagamijwe kurinda imiti.
Igicapo 3. Ubusanzwe inzitizi nziza,aho ibara ry'ubururu ryerekana ibahasha y'ibanze iriba;muriki gihe umusaruro tubing.Ibara ritukura ryerekana ibahasha ya kabiri;ikariso.Kuruhande rwibumoso herekanwa inshinge ya chimique, umurongo wumukara hamwe ninshinge yerekanwe kumasoko yumusaruro mukarere karanze umutuku (bariyeri ya kabiri).
Igicapo 4. Umwobo washyizwe mu gice cyo hejuru cyumurongo wa 3/8 ”.Agace karerekanwa mugishushanyo cyibisanzwe bidasanzwe barrière igishushanyo, cyerekanwe na ellipse ya orange.
Igicapo 5. Igitero gikomeye cya ruswa kuri 7 ”3% Chrome tubing.Igishushanyo cyerekana igitero cya ruswa nyuma yikigereranyo cya inibitori yatewe kuva kumurongo watewe inshinge kugeza kumashanyarazi.
Igicapo 6. Debris iboneka muri valve yimiti.Imyanda muri uru rubanza yari shitingi yicyuma birashoboka kuva mubikorwa byo kwishyiriraho hiyongereyeho imyanda yera.Isuzuma ryimyanda yera byagaragaye ko ari polymers hamwe na chimie isa nki miti yatewe
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-27-2022