Ku isoko ry’isi yose, gucikamo ibice birashobora gutegurwa - mu miyoboro no kugenzura umurongo iyi ni insanganyamatsiko y'ingenzi.Mubyukuri, ugereranije nimiryango itandukanye ntabwo itandukanijwe nuburinganire nigice cyisoko gusa ahubwo nuburinganire bwamazi, ibikoresho byubwubatsi nibidukikije.Urugero rwingenzi rwingufu zerekanwa nurwego rutandukanye rwiterambere ryisoko riteganijwe mukarere.Mu byukuri, mu gihe isoko ry’amazi gakondo y’inyanja y’amajyaruguru n’ikigobe cya Mexico (GoM) bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro, uturere two mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya, Burezili na Afurika turagenda twiyongera.Icyakora, uruzinduko rw'igihe gito narwo ruteganijwe kuzamuka cyane mu mipaka y’amazi maremare ya Noruveje, Ubwongereza bw’iburengerazuba bwa Shetland hamwe n’icyerekezo cyo mu majyepfo ya Tertiary mu kigobe cya Mexico, hamwe n’ibikorwa by’amazi byimbitse, bikarishye kandi biri kure cyane muri uturere.Muri iri suzuma, Luke Davis na Gregory Brown bo muri Infield Systems batanze raporo ku bijyanye n’imiterere y’isoko ry’imiyoboro n’umugenzuzi ndetse n’ibyo indorerezi z’inganda zishobora kwitega ku isoko ry’inzibacyuho.
Icyerekezo cy'isoko
Mu myaka itanu iri imbere Infield Systems iteganya ko imiyoboro n’igenzura bizakoreshwa hafi y’amadolari ya Amerika 270, bingana na kilometero zigera ku 80.000 z’imirongo aho 56.000 km izaba imiyoboro naho 24.000km ikaba ari yo igenzura.Hamwe na hamwe, izi nzego zombi ziteganijwe kubona urwego rwo hejuru rw’iterambere nyuma yo kugabanuka gukabije hagati y’imisozi yo mu ntangiriro za 2008 n’ubushyuhe bwo mu 2009 na 2010. Icyakora, nubwo muri rusange ibyo byitezwe ku iterambere, ni ngombwa kumenya itandukaniro ry’ingenzi mu turere imikorere nkuko amasoko agaragara atangira kurenza ibase gakondo yibikorwa.
Mu gihe amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu turere dukuze ateganijwe ko azongera kwiyongera mu gihe cya vuba, iterambere rirambye ugereranije ni rito iyo urebye hamwe n’amasoko azamuka.Nkako, ibintu biherutse kubera muri Amerika ya Ruguru, harimwo no guturuka ku kibazo c'amafaranga, amahano ya Macondo hamwe n'ihiganwa bituruka kuri gaze ya shale yo ku nkombe, byahurije hamwe kugira ngo bigabanye ibikorwa bitarimo amazi ya E&A bityo hashyirwemo imiyoboro n'imiyoboro mu karere.Ishusho nk'iyi yagaragaye mu nyanja y'Amajyaruguru y'Ubwongereza - nubwo isoko ridindira hano riterwa cyane n'impinduka mu butegetsi bw'imari bw'akarere ndetse n'ingorane zo kubona inguzanyo - ibintu byakajije umurego kubera ikibazo cy'imyenda yigenga muri Eurozone.
Nubwo, utu turere twombi gakondo tudakomeye, Infield Systems iteganya ko hazabaho iterambere ryinshi ku masoko agaragara yo mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya, Afurika y’iburasirazuba ndetse no muri Aziya (harimo n’ibikorwa by’amazi maremare mu nyanja y’Ubushinwa n’ikibaya cya Krishna-Godavari kiri mu Buhinde) mu gihe amazi maremare yo muri Afrika yuburengerazuba, Ikigobe cya Mexico na Berezile agomba gukomeza gutanga imbaraga zigihe kirekire kumasoko.
Kwimura imisozi - gukura kwimirongo
Mugihe icyerekezo cyogushira amazi maremare, bityo imirongo ya SURF ifitanye isano, izakomeza gukurura inganda, hateganijwe ko amazi mabi azakomeza kugabana isoko ryingenzi mubihe biri imbere.Mu byukuri, hafi bibiri bya gatatu by’imari shoramari biteganijwe ko bizerekeza ku iterambere ry’amazi atarenga metero 500 mu gihe cy’umwaka wa 2015. Nkuko bimeze bityo, imiyoboro isanzwe izagira igice kinini cy’ibisabwa bigenda - igice kinini. muri byo bikaba biteganijwe ko bizaterwa niterambere rito ryamazi yo muri Aziya.
Kugabanya imiyoboro y’amazi n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bizaba bigize igice kinini cy’isoko ryagutse mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu iri imbere kuko biteganijwe ko iki gice kigaragaza iterambere rikomeye.Ibikorwa muri uru rwego byatewe n’igitutu cya guverinoma z’igihugu ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’akarere mu rwego rwo kongera umutekano w’ingufu binyuze mu gutandukanya ibikoresho bya hydrocarubone.Iyi miyoboro minini ikunze gushingira cyane ku mibanire mpuzamahanga n’imiterere y’ubukungu bw’ubukungu, bityo rero ikaba ishobora gukorerwa ubukererwe no kwisuzumisha ugereranije n’izindi nzego zose z’isoko.
Uburayi bufite igice kinini cy’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga n’isoko ry’isoko hamwe na 42% by’ibirometero byose byashyizweho ku isi kandi biteganijwe ko 38% bizakoreshwa mu mwaka wa 2015. Hamwe n’imishinga myinshi ikomeye kandi igoye mu byiciro by’igenamigambi n’ubwubatsi, cyane cyane Nord Biteganijwe ko imigezi, iburayi n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byinjira mu mahanga biteganijwe ko bizagera kuri miliyoni 21,000 US $ mu gihe cyagenwe cya 2011-2015.
Byatangajwe bwa mbere mu 2001, umushinga wa Nord Stream uhuza Vyborg mu Burusiya na Greifswald mu Budage.Umurongo numuyoboro muremure muremure kwisi kwisi 1,224 km.Umushinga wa Nord Stream wagizwemo uruhare runini naba rwiyemezamirimo barimo Royal Boskalis Westminster, Tideway, Sumitomo, Saipem, Allseas, Technip na Snamprogetti mubandi bakorera ihuriro ririmo Gazprom, GDF Suez, Wintershall, Gasunie na E.ON Ruhrgas.Mu Gushyingo 2011, byatangajwe na consortium ko umurongo wa mbere mu mirongo ibiri wahujwe na gride ya Burayi.Nibirangira, umushinga munini w’impanga uteganijwe guha isoko isoko ry’iburayi ishonje ingufu za 55 BCM ya gaze (bingana na 18% by’ibicuruzwa byo mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bwa 2010) buri mwaka mu myaka 50 iri imbere.Nord Stream kuruhande, ishoramari mumasoko yumurongo no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze nabyo biteganijwe ko uziyongera cyane muri Aziya, bikava kuri miriyoni 4000 zamadorali y’Amerika mu gihe cy’amateka ya 2006-2010 bikagera kuri miliyoni 6.800 z’amadolari y’Amerika bigana muri 2015. Imirongo n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu karere. birerekana iterambere riteganijwe gukenerwa ingufu muri Aziya.
Nord Stream ikubiyemo ibikoresho, ibya politiki nubuhanga bujyanye niterambere rinini.Mu byukuri, usibye ingorane za tekiniki zijyanye no gukora imiyoboro ibiri ya kilometero 1,224, ihuriro ry’iterambere ryahawe inshingano zo gucunga ingaruka za politiki zo kuyobora umurongo unyuze mu mazi y’ubutaka bw’Uburusiya, Finlande, Suwede, Danemarke n’Ubudage usibye guhaza ibyifuzo bya yibasiwe na leta ya Lativiya, Lituwaniya, Esitoniya na Polonye.Byatwaye hafi imyaka icyenda kugirango umushinga wemererwe kandi igihe wakiriwe muri Gashyantare 2010, imirimo yatangiye vuba muri Mata uwo mwaka.Umuyoboro wa Nord Stream ugomba kurangira muri Q3 2012 hamwe no gutangiza umurongo wa kabiri uzana imwe mu nkuru ziramba mugutezimbere ibikorwa remezo byoherezwa mu mahanga.Umuyoboro wa Trans ASEAN ni umushinga ushobora gutambuka unyura muri Aziya bityo ukongerera ingufu za hydrocarubone nyinshi zo muri Aziya yepfo yepfo mukarere gake cyane.
Mugihe uru rwego rwo hejuru rwibikorwa rushimishije ntabwo arirwo rugendo rurerure rurerure - ahubwo rwerekana uruziga rwihariye ku isoko.Kurenga iterambere ryigihe gito mubikorwa byuburayi bwiburasirazuba Infield Sisitemu yerekana ko hakenewe post 2018 kuko aya majyambere arimwe cyane mumishinga kandi iyo imaze gushyirwaho Infield Systems ibona ibikorwa bizaza biterwa numurongo uhuza aho kuba imirongo minini yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze .
Kugendera kuri SURF - Inzira ndende
Bitewe n’amazi areremba hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo mu nyanja isoko y’amazi maremare ku isi birashoboka ko ari urwego rwihuta cyane mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze.Mubyukuri, hamwe n’uturere twinshi two ku nkombe n’amazi maremare duhura n’igabanuka ry’umusaruro hamwe na NOC mu kugenzura uturere twinshi dukungahaye nko mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, abashoramari barashaka gushakisha no guteza imbere ibigega mu turere duhana imbibi.Ibi ntibiboneka mu turere dutatu tw’amazi maremare “aremereye” - GoM, Afurika y'Iburengerazuba na Berezile - ariko no muri Aziya, Ositaraliya n'Uburayi ndetse.
Ku isoko rya SURF inzira isobanutse kandi itandukanye iganisha ku mazi maremare ibikorwa bya E&P bigomba guhinduka kugirango iterambere ryiyongere ku isoko mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho ndetse na nyuma yaho.Mu byukuri, Infield Systems iteganya ko izamuka rikomeye mu mwaka wa 2012 mu gihe IOC ikomeje guteza imbere ikigega kinini cy’amazi maremare muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba na GoM yo muri Amerika mu gihe Petrobras ikomeje guteza imbere ikigega cya Berezile mbere y’umunyu.
Nkuko Ishusho ya 3 ibigaragaza hepfo, hariho polarisiyasi mumikorere yisoko hagati yamasoko maremare n’amazi maremare SURF.Mubyukuri, mugihe isoko ryamazi rito riteganijwe kwerekana iterambere ryikigereranyo mugihe cya vuba - icyerekezo kirekire ntabwo ari cyiza.Nyamara, mumazi maremare, ibikorwa birakomeye cyane kuko biteganijwe ko amafaranga asohoka ateganijwe kwiyongera kugera kuri 56% hagati yigihe cya 2006-2010 na 2011-2015.
Mu gihe iterambere ry’amazi maremare nta gushidikanya ko ryabaye moteri nyamukuru yo gukura ku isoko rya SURF mu myaka icumi ishize gukomeza guteza imbere imirima ya peteroli na gaze bya kure bizatanga ingufu z’umuriro.By'umwihariko, intera ndende yo mu nyanja igenda ihinduka ibintu bisanzwe biteza imbere imirima kuko imirimo ya R&D ikorwa nabashoramari ndetse naba rwiyemezamirimo batangiye gukora iyi mishinga itoroshye mubuhanga.Imishinga iheruka kumenyekana harimo Statoil na Shell's Ormen Lange iteza imbere muri Noruveje hamwe na Total's Laggan umushinga wo mu Bwongereza mu burengerazuba bw'akarere ka Shetland.Iyambere ni yo ndende ndende ku isi kugeza ku nyanja kugeza ubu itanga umusaruro mu gihe iyanyuma izahagarika amateka kandi igakingura intera ya Atlantike kugira ngo ibikorwa bya E&P bimaze gukoreshwa mu 2014.
Urundi rugero rwingenzi rwiyi nzira ruri mu iterambere ry’amazi maremare ya Jansz ku nkombe za Ositaraliya.Jansz ni umwe mu mushinga wa Greater Gorgon, ukurikije Chevron uzaba umushinga munini w’umutungo mu mateka ya Ositaraliya.Uyu mushinga urimo guteza imbere imirima myinshi, harimo Gorgon na Jansz, yose hamwe ikaba ibitse 40 Tcf.Biteganijwe ko agaciro k’umushinga kangana na miliyari 43 z’amadolari y’Amerika, kandi umusaruro wa mbere wa LNG uteganijwe mu 2014. Agace ka Greater Gorgon gaherereye hagati ya kilometero 130 na 200 km uvuye ku nkombe z’amajyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya.Imirima izahuzwa na 70 km, umuyoboro wa santimetero 38 nu muyoboro wa 180 km 38 umuyoboro w’amazi ujya mu kigo cya LNG ku kirwa cya Barrow.Kuva ku kirwa cya Barrow umuyoboro wa kilometero 90 uzahuza ikigo n’umugabane wa Ositaraliya.
Mu gihe iterambere rya SURF nk'ibiri mu bice bigoye byo mu nyanja y'Amajyaruguru, Burezili, Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, GoM, Aziya n'Amajyaruguru y'Uburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya bitera isoko uyu munsi, gushishikariza ibisubizo bya E&A muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bigomba gutanga iterambere ryiyongera ku murongo.Mubyukuri, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa nkubwa Windjammer, Barquentine na Lagosta bwatumije ibipimo byavumbuwe kurenga imbibi (10 Tcf) kubikoresho bya LNG.Afurika y'Iburasirazuba na Mozambike by'umwihariko, ubu biravugwa nka Ositaraliya y'ejo.Anadarko, ukora muri Windjammer, Barquentine na Lagosta arateganya guteza imbere ibyo bigega binyuze mu guhuza ibicuruzwa biva mu nyanja ku kigo cya LNG.Ubu byahujwe nubuvumbuzi bwa Eni i Mamba y'Amajyepfo bituma umushinga wa 22.5 Tcf bishoboka mu mpera zimyaka icumi.
Umuyoboro w'amahirwe
Gukura mu miyoboro, kugenzura umurongo kandi rwose, isoko ryagutse ryo hanze kumurongo mugihe kiri imbere birashoboka ko bizarangwa nimishinga yimbitse, ikaze kandi myinshi.IOC, NOC no kugira uruhare rwigenga birashoboka ko hashyirwaho isoko ryiza ryamasezerano yaba rwiyemezamirimo bakomeye na bagenzi babo kavukire.Urwego rwibikorwa byinshi rushobora guteza ibibazo byinshi murwego rwo gutanga amasoko mugihe kirekire kuko ubushake bwishoramari butangwa nabashoramari bwarushije ubwinshi bwimyenda isabwa kugirango ushore imari mubitangwa: ibihingwa, ibihimbano ndetse wenda cyane cyane. , abashinzwe imiyoboro.
Mugihe insanganyamatsiko rusange yiterambere ari ikimenyetso cyiza kijyanye no kwinjiza ejo hazaza, igitekerezo nkicyo kigomba guhindurwa nubwoba bwurwego rutanga ubushobozi budahagije bwo gucunga iryo zamuka.Ni Infield Systems yizera ko usibye kubona inguzanyo, ihungabana rya politiki ndetse no kongera kwandika amategeko y’ubuzima n’umutekano, ikibazo kigaragara cyane ku kuzamuka kw’isoko muri rusange ni ukubura abahanga mu buhanga mu bakozi.
Abafatanyabikorwa mu nganda bagomba kumenya ko nubwo inkuru ishimishije yiterambere, ibikorwa byose bizaza mumasoko yumurongo no kugenzura biterwa nurwego rutanga ingano nubushobozi buhagije kugirango bunganire imishinga iteganijwe nabakozi batandukanye.Nubwo ubwo bwoba isoko ryicaye kumpera yumuzingi ushimishije.Nkuko indorerezi zinganda Infield Systems izareba neza mumezi ari imbere mugutegereza ko isoko rizamuka cyane kuva kumanuka wa 2009 na 2010.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-27-2022